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1 rise in the standard of living
Политика: повышение уровня жизниУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > rise in the standard of living
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2 rise in the standard of living
Politics english-russian dictionary > rise in the standard of living
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3 (a) quick rise in the living standard
English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) quick rise in the living standard
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4 standard
'stændəd 1. noun1) (something used as a basis of measurement: The kilogram is the international standard of weight.) norm, standard, målestokk2) (a basis for judging quality, or a level of excellence aimed at, required or achieved: You can't judge an amateur artist's work by the same standards as you would judge that of a trained artist; high standards of behaviour; His performance did not reach the required standard.) nivå, standard3) (a flag or carved figure etc fixed to a pole and carried eg at the front of an army going into battle.) fane, banner; maskot, merke2. adjective((accepted as) normal or usual; The Post Office likes the public to use a standard size of envelope.) standard, normal-- standardise
- standardization
- standardisation
- standard-bearer
- be up to / below standard
- standard of livingkriterium--------mål--------måte--------normal--------standardIsubst. \/ˈstændəd\/1) standard, målestokk, norm, mønster, rettesnor2) standard, nivå, kvalitet3) standardmål, normalmål, standardtype4) standart, fane, banner5) ( økonomi) myntfot6) ( om gull eller sølv) renhet, lødighet7) loddrett vannrør, loddrett gassrør8) ( musikk) standardlåt9) (britisk, historisk) klasse (i barneskolen)10) stanard (internasjonalt mål for trelast =4,67 m 3)be a standard for være en standard forbe on a high standard ha en høy standard, være på et høyt nivåbelow (the) standard under det normale, undermålscome up to standard holde målmarch under the standard of someone ( overført) kjempe under noens fanerise in the standard eller rise in standards heving av standardenstandards (om etiske normer, sedvane e.l.) forhold, begreperIIadj. \/ˈstændəd\/1) standard-, normal-, vanlig2) ( om språk) normal- (uten dialekt eller slang)3) klassisk, allment anerkjent4) (om fagbok, oppslagsverk e.l.) autoritativ, ledende -
5 standard
n1) норма; стандарт; эталон; уровень2) качество; критерий•to adopt double standards — применять двойной стандарт / подход
to establish standards for nuclear safety and environmental protection — устанавливать нормы ядерной безопасности и защиты окружающей среды
to meet medical standards before appointment — отвечать / удовлетворять требованиям медицинского заключения до назначения ( на должность)
to meet qualifying standards — отвечать требованиям / критериям, дающим право (на)
to provide a radical improvement in living standards — обеспечивать коренное улучшение жизненного уровня
to set a standard — устанавливать критерий / норму
- basic standardsto set a high standard (of smth) — показывать отличный пример (чего-л.)
- commercial standard
- cultural standards
- decline in living standards
- design standards
- double standard
- drop in living standards
- educational standard
- engineering standard
- environmental standards
- erosion of living standards
- ethnical standards
- fall of living standards
- falling living standards
- family living standards
- gold standard
- gold-exchange standard
- growth in living standards
- high living standards
- high production standard
- industrial standard
- international labor standards
- international standard
- Islamic standards
- labor efficiency standard
- labor performance standard
- labor safety standards
- living standards
- low living standards
- material standards
- moral standards
- national standard
- performance standard
- policy of double standards
- production standard
- productivity standard
- professional standard
- quality standard
- raising of educational standards
- rise in the standard of living
- safety standards
- scientific and technological standard
- social standards
- socially acceptable standards
- standard of behavior
- standard of conduct
- standard of life
- standard of living has fallen 15 per cent
- standard of living is lagging far behind of smth
- standard of living
- standard of well-being
- standards of accommodation
- standards of efficiency
- standards of labor
- standards of living declined steadily
- summery standards
- target standard
- trading standard
- universal moral standards
- up to world standards
- working standard -
6 rise
1. past tense - rose; verb1) (to become greater, larger, higher etc; to increase: Food prices are still rising; His temperature rose; If the river rises much more, there will be a flood; Her voice rose to a scream; Bread rises when it is baked; His spirits rose at the good news.) aumentar; subir2) (to move upwards: Smoke was rising from the chimney; The birds rose into the air; The curtain rose to reveal an empty stage.) elevarse3) (to get up from bed: He rises every morning at six o'clock.) levantarse4) (to stand up: The children all rose when the headmaster came in.) levantarse5) ((of the sun etc) to appear above the horizon: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.) levantarse6) (to slope upwards: Hills rose in the distance; The ground rises at this point.) elevarse7) (to rebel: The people rose (up) in revolt against the dictator.) levantarse/sublevarse contra8) (to move to a higher rank, a more important position etc: He rose to the rank of colonel.) ascender, subir9) ((of a river) to begin or appear: The Rhône rises in the Alps.) nacer10) ((of wind) to begin; to become stronger: Don't go out in the boat - the wind has risen.) levantarse; hacerse/soplar más fuerte11) (to be built: Office blocks are rising all over the town.) alzarse, erigirse12) (to come back to life: Jesus has risen.) resucitar
2. noun1) ((the) act of rising: He had a rapid rise to fame; a rise in prices.) ascenso, subida2) (an increase in salary or wages: She asked her boss for a rise.) aumento3) (a slope or hill: The house is just beyond the next rise.) subida, cuesta4) (the beginning and early development of something: the rise of the Roman Empire.) grandeza, auge•- rising
3. adjectivethe rising sun; rising prices; the rising generation; a rising young politician.) saliente; creciente, en aumento, en alza- early- late riser
- give rise to
- rise to the occasion
rise1 n aumento / subidarise2 vb1. subir2. aumentar / subirthe price of petrol has risen by 12% this year el precio de la gasolina ha subido un 12% este año3. crecer4. salirtr[raɪz]1 ascenso, subida2 (increase) aumento3 (slope) subida, cuesta1 ascender, subir2 (increase) aumentar3 (stand up) ponerse de pie4 (get up) levantarse5 (sun) salir6 (river) nacer7 (level of river) crecer8 (mountains) elevarse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto give rise to dar origen ato rise to the occasion ponerse a la altura de las circunstancias1) get up: levantarseto rise to one's feet: ponerse de pie2) : elevarse, alzarsethe mountains rose to the west: las montañas se elevaron al oeste3) : salir (dícese del sol y de la luna)4) : subir (dícese de las aguas, del humo, etc.)the river rose: las aguas subieron de nivel5) increase: aumentar, subir6) originate: nacer, proceder7)to rise in rank : ascender8)to rise up rebel: sublevarse, rebelarserise n1) ascent: ascensión f, subida f2) origin: origen m3) elevation: elevación f4) increase: subida f, aumento m, alzamiento m5) slope: pendiente f, cuesta fn.n.• alza s.f.• crecimiento s.m.• cuesta s.f.• elevación s.f.• levantamiento s.m.• origen s.m.• peralte s.m.• salida s.f.• subida s.f.• subido s.m.v.(§ p.,p.p.: rose, risen) = crecer v.• encumbrar v.• enriscar v.• leudar v.• levantarse v.• nacer v.• salir v.(§pres: salgo, sales...) fut/c: saldr-•)• subir v.• surgir v.
I raɪz1)a) (upward movement - of tide, level) subida f; (- in pitch) elevación fto get a rise out of somebody — (colloq) conseguir* que alguien se fastidie
to take the rise out of somebody — (colloq) tomarle el pelo a alguien (fam)
b) (increase - in prices, interest rates) subida f, aumento m, alza f‡ (frml), suba f (RPl); (- in pressure, temperature) aumento m, subida f; (- in number, amount) aumento mto be on the rise — ir* en aumento, estar* aumentando
c) ( in pay) (BrE) aumento m, incremento m (frml)a pay rise — un aumento or (frml) un incremento salarial
d) ( improvement) mejora f2) ( advance) ascenso m, ascensión fthe rise and fall of somebody/something — la grandeza y decadencia de alguien/algo, el auge y (la) caída de alguien/algo
to give rise to something — \<\<to belief\>\> dar* origen or lugar a algo; \<\<to dispute\>\> ocasionar or causar algo; \<\<to ideas\>\> suscitar algo
3) ( slope) subida f, cuesta f
II
1)a) (come, go up) subir; \<\<mist\>\> levantarse; \<\<sun/moon\>\> salir*; \<\<river\>\> crecer*; \<\<dough\>\> crecer*, subir; \<\<cake\>\> subir; \<\<fish\>\> picar*a few eyebrows rose when... — más de uno se mostró sorprendido cuando...
to rise to the surface — salir* or subir a la superficie
the color rose to her cheeks — se le subieron los colores, se ruborizó
b) ( increase) \<\<price/temperature/pressure\>\> subir, aumentar; \<\<wind\>\> arreciar; \<\<wage/number/amount\>\> aumentar; \<\<tension\>\> crecer*, aumentarto rise in price — subir or aumentar de precio
c) \<\<sound\>\> ( become louder) aumentar de volumen; ( become higher) subir de tonod) ( improve) \<\<standard\>\> mejorartheir spirits rose — se les levantó el ánimo, se animaron
2)a) ( slope upward) \<\<ground/land\>\> elevarseb) ( extend upwards) \<\<building/hill\>\> levantarse, alzarse*, erguirse* (liter)3)a) ( stand up) \<\<person/audience\>\> (frml) ponerse* de pie, levantarse, pararse (AmL)to rise to one's feet — ponerse* de pie, levantarse
b) ( out of bed) levantarserise and shine! — (colloq) vamos, arriba y a espabilarse! (fam)
4) (in position, status)5) ( adjourn) (BrE) \<\<court/parliament\>\> levantar la sesión6) ( revolt)to rise (up) (AGAINST somebody/something) — levantarse or alzarse* (contra alguien/algo)
7) ( originate) \<\<river\>\> (frml) nacer*•Phrasal Verbs:- rise to[raɪz] (vb: pt rose) (pp risen)1. N1) (=upward movement) subida f, ascenso m ; [of tide] subida f ; [of river] crecida f ; (in tone, pitch) subida f, elevación f- get a rise out of sb- take the rise out of sb2) (=increase) (in number, rate, value) aumento m ; (in price, temperature) subida f, aumento m ; (Brit) (in salary) aumento m (de sueldo)he was given a 30% pay rise — le dieron un aumento de sueldo del 30%
•
a rise in interest rates — un aumento de los tipos de interés•
prices are on the rise — los precios están subiendo3) (fig) (=advancement) ascenso m, subida f ; (=emergence) desarrollo mhis meteoric rise to fame — su ascenso meteórico or su subida meteórica a la fama
Napoleon's rise to power — el ascenso or la subida de Napoleón al poder
the rise and fall of — [of organization] el auge y (la) decadencia de; [of person] el ascenso y (la) caída de
4) (=small hill) colina f, loma f ; (=upward slope) cuesta f (arriba), pendiente f ; [of stairs] subida f5) (=origin) [of river] nacimiento mto give rise to — [+ innovation] dar origen a; [+ problems, impression] causar; [+ interest, ideas] suscitar; [+ speculation, doubts, suspicion, fear] suscitar, dar lugar a
2. VI1) (=get up) (from bed) levantarse; (=stand up) ponerse de pie, levantarse; (=rear up) [building, mountain] elevarse, alzarseto rise early — madrugar, levantarse temprano
the mountains rose up before him — las montañas se elevaban or se alzaban frente a él
ash II, 1.rise and shine! — ¡levántate y espabila!
2) (=get higher) [sun, moon] salir; [smoke, mist, balloon] subir, ascender, elevarse liter; [dust, spray, theatre curtain] levantarse; [water, tide, level, aircraft, lift] subir; [dough, cake] aumentar, subir; [river] crecer; [hair] ponerse de puntathe plane rose to 4,000 metres — el avión subió a 4.000 metros
to rise above — (fig) [+ differences, poverty] superar; [+ prejudice] estar por encima de
to rise to the bait — (lit, fig) picar or morder el anzuelo
to rise to the surface — (lit) salir a la superficie; (fig) [tensions, contradictions] surgir, aflorar
challenge, occasionit is a time when these tensions may rise to the surface — es un momento en el que puede que surjan or afloren estas tensiones
3) (=increase) [price, temperature, pressure] subir, aumentar; [number, amount, tension] aumentar; [barometer, stocks, shares] subir; [wind] arreciar, levantarse; [sound] hacerse más fuerteit has risen 20% in price — su precio ha subido or aumentado en un 20%
her voice rose in anger — levantó or alzó la voz enfadada
4) [ground] subir (en pendiente)5) (in rank) ascenderprominenceto rise from or through the ranks — (Mil) ascender de soldado raso
6) (=improve) [standards] mejorar7) (=come forth)from the people, a cheer rose up — la gente empezó a vitorear todos a una
she could feel a blush rising to her cheeks — sentía que se le subía el color a las mejillas, sentía que se le subían los colores
8) (=originate) [river] nacerthe people rose (up) against their oppressors — el pueblo se sublevó or levantó contra sus opresores
to rise (up) in revolt — sublevarse, rebelarse
10) (=adjourn) [parliament, court] levantar la sesiónthe House rose at 2a.m. — se levantó la sesión parlamentaria a las 2 de la madrugada
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I [raɪz]1)a) (upward movement - of tide, level) subida f; (- in pitch) elevación fto get a rise out of somebody — (colloq) conseguir* que alguien se fastidie
to take the rise out of somebody — (colloq) tomarle el pelo a alguien (fam)
b) (increase - in prices, interest rates) subida f, aumento m, alza f‡ (frml), suba f (RPl); (- in pressure, temperature) aumento m, subida f; (- in number, amount) aumento mto be on the rise — ir* en aumento, estar* aumentando
c) ( in pay) (BrE) aumento m, incremento m (frml)a pay rise — un aumento or (frml) un incremento salarial
d) ( improvement) mejora f2) ( advance) ascenso m, ascensión fthe rise and fall of somebody/something — la grandeza y decadencia de alguien/algo, el auge y (la) caída de alguien/algo
to give rise to something — \<\<to belief\>\> dar* origen or lugar a algo; \<\<to dispute\>\> ocasionar or causar algo; \<\<to ideas\>\> suscitar algo
3) ( slope) subida f, cuesta f
II
1)a) (come, go up) subir; \<\<mist\>\> levantarse; \<\<sun/moon\>\> salir*; \<\<river\>\> crecer*; \<\<dough\>\> crecer*, subir; \<\<cake\>\> subir; \<\<fish\>\> picar*a few eyebrows rose when... — más de uno se mostró sorprendido cuando...
to rise to the surface — salir* or subir a la superficie
the color rose to her cheeks — se le subieron los colores, se ruborizó
b) ( increase) \<\<price/temperature/pressure\>\> subir, aumentar; \<\<wind\>\> arreciar; \<\<wage/number/amount\>\> aumentar; \<\<tension\>\> crecer*, aumentarto rise in price — subir or aumentar de precio
c) \<\<sound\>\> ( become louder) aumentar de volumen; ( become higher) subir de tonod) ( improve) \<\<standard\>\> mejorartheir spirits rose — se les levantó el ánimo, se animaron
2)a) ( slope upward) \<\<ground/land\>\> elevarseb) ( extend upwards) \<\<building/hill\>\> levantarse, alzarse*, erguirse* (liter)3)a) ( stand up) \<\<person/audience\>\> (frml) ponerse* de pie, levantarse, pararse (AmL)to rise to one's feet — ponerse* de pie, levantarse
b) ( out of bed) levantarserise and shine! — (colloq) vamos, arriba y a espabilarse! (fam)
4) (in position, status)5) ( adjourn) (BrE) \<\<court/parliament\>\> levantar la sesión6) ( revolt)to rise (up) (AGAINST somebody/something) — levantarse or alzarse* (contra alguien/algo)
7) ( originate) \<\<river\>\> (frml) nacer*•Phrasal Verbs:- rise to -
7 standard
'stændəd
1. noun1) (something used as a basis of measurement: The kilogram is the international standard of weight.)2) (a basis for judging quality, or a level of excellence aimed at, required or achieved: You can't judge an amateur artist's work by the same standards as you would judge that of a trained artist; high standards of behaviour; His performance did not reach the required standard.)3) (a flag or carved figure etc fixed to a pole and carried eg at the front of an army going into battle.)
2. adjective((accepted as) normal or usual; The Post Office likes the public to use a standard size of envelope.)- standardise
- standardization
- standardisation
- standard-bearer
- be up to / below standard
- standard of living
standard1 adj estándarstandard2 n1. nivel2. criterioby modern standards, the cities were dirty and dangerous según criterios modernos, las ciudades estaban sucias y eran peligrosas
standard adjetivo & nm ➣ estándar
' standard' also found in these entries: Spanish: abanderada - abanderado - estándar - estandarte - lámpara - nivel - norma - patrón - patrona - pauta - pendón - calor - clásico - cultural - fórmula - insignia - uniforme English: ASCII - employ - gold standard - ISBN - standard - standard-bearer - up to - adequate - come - CST - division - double - EST - go - LST - MST - par - policy - PST - rise - set - tone - unacceptable - up - welltr['stændəd]■ the hygiene in this restaurant does not reach the standard required la higiene de este restaurante no alcanza el nivel exigido2 (criterion, yardstick) criterio, valor nombre masculino3 (norm, rule) norma, regla, estándar nombre masculino5 (official measure) patrón nombre masculino6 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL tema nombre masculino clásico, clásico1 normal, estándar■ it is standard practice es la norma, es la práctica habitual\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be up to / be below standard satisfacer los requisitos / no satisfacer los requisitosstandard lamp lámpara de piestandard of living nivel nombre masculino de vidastandard time hora oficialstandard ['stændərd] adj1) established: estándar, oficialstandard measures: medidas oficialesstandard English: el inglés estándar2) normal: normal, estándar, común3) classic: estándar, clásicoa standard work: una obra clásicastandard n1) banner: estandarte m2) criterion: criterio m3) rule: estándar m, norma f, regla f4) level: nivel mstandard of living: nivel de vida5) support: poste m, soporte madj.• clásico, -a adj.• corriente adj.• estándar adj.• legal adj.• norma adj.• normal adj.• patrón (Norma) adj.• reglamentario, -a adj.n.• bandera s.f.• enseña s.f.• estandarte s.m.• estándar s.m.• ley s.f.• lábaro s.m.• marco s.m.• medida s.f.• modelo s.m.• nivel s.m.• norma s.f.• patrón s.m.• pendón s.m.• tafetán s.m.• tasa s.f.
I 'stændərd, 'stændəd1)the standard of education leaves much to be desired — la calidad de la educación deja mucho que desear
standard of living — nivel m or estándar m de vida
b) ( norm)she sets very high standards — exige un estándar or nivel muy alto
up to standard — del nivel requerido or de la calidad requerida
c) ( official measure) estándar m2)a) ( yardstick) criterio m, parámetro mby any o anybody's standards — se mire por donde se mire or desde cualquier punto de vista
b) standards pl ( moral principles) principios mpl3) (flag, emblem) estandarte m
II
1) ( normal) < size> estándar adj inv, normal; < model> ( Auto) estándar adj inv, de serie; < procedure> habitual; < reaction> típico, normalit's standard (practice) to ask for security — pedir garantías es la norma, se acostumbra or se suele pedir garantías
2) ( officially established) <weight/measure> estándar adj inv, oficialstandard time — hora f oficial
3)a) <work/reference> clásicob) <English/French/pronunciation> estándar adj inv['stændǝd]1. N1) (=measure) estándar mhis standards are high/low — sus estándares son altos/bajos, los niveles que requiere son altos/bajos
double 6.the food was awful even by my (undemanding) standards — la comida era espantosa incluso para mí (que soy poco exigente)
2) (=norm)•
to be below standard — no tener la suficiente calidad•
the gold standard — (Econ) el patrón oro•
to set a standard, the society sets standards for judging different breeds of dog — la asociación establece ciertos patrones or ciertas normas para juzgar las distintas razas de perrossociety sets impossible standards for feminine beauty — la sociedad impone unos patrones de belleza femenina imposibles
her work has set a standard for excellence which it will be hard to equal — su labor ha establecido unos niveles de excelencia que serán muy difíciles de igualar
this film sets a new standard — esta película establece nuevos niveles de calidad cinematográfica, esta película supera los niveles cinematográficos anteriores
•
her work/performance was not up to standard — su trabajo/actuación no estaba a la altura (requerida)3) (=level) nivel m ; (=quality) calidad fshe has French to first-year university standard — su francés es de un nivel de primer año de carrera
their standard of hygiene leaves much to be desired — los niveles de higiene que tienen dejan mucho que desear
•
of (a) high/ low standard — de alto/bajo nivelhigh standards of conduct are expected of students — a los alumnos se les exige un nivel de comportamiento muy elevado
she has no standards — carece de valores morales or principios
5) (=flag) estandarte m, bandera f7) (Bot) árbol o arbusto de tronco erecto y desprovisto de ramas8) (=song) tema m clásico, clásico m2. ADJ1) (=normal) [design, length] estándar adj inv ; [amount, size] normal; [feature] normal, corriente; [charge] fijo; [procedure] habitualelectric windows come as standard on this car — las ventanillas eléctricas son de serie en este coche
the standard treatment is an injection of glucose — el tratamiento habitual es una inyección de glucosa
it has become standard practice for many surgeons — se ha convertido en una norma entre muchos cirujanos
2) (=officially approved) [spelling, pronunciation] estándar adj inv ; [grammar] normativa; [measure] legal3) (=classic, recommended)3.CPDstandard bearer N — (lit) abanderado(-a) m / f ; (fig) abanderado(-a) m / f, adalid mf
standard class N — clase f turista
standard deviation N — (Statistics) desviación f estándar or típica
standard English N — inglés m estándar or normativo
standard error N — (Statistics) error m estándar or típico
standard gauge N — (Rail) vía f normal
Standard Grade N — (Scot) (Scol) certificado obtenido tras aprobar los exámenes al final de la educación secundaria obligatoria
See:standard lamp N — lámpara f de pie
standard model N — modelo m estándar
standard of living N — nivel m de vida
standard price N — precio m oficial
standard quality N — calidad f normal
standard rate N — (Econ) tipo m de interés vigente
standard time N — hora f oficial
standard unit N — (Elec, Gas) paso m (de contador)
standard weight N — peso m legal
* * *
I ['stændərd, 'stændəd]1)the standard of education leaves much to be desired — la calidad de la educación deja mucho que desear
standard of living — nivel m or estándar m de vida
b) ( norm)she sets very high standards — exige un estándar or nivel muy alto
up to standard — del nivel requerido or de la calidad requerida
c) ( official measure) estándar m2)a) ( yardstick) criterio m, parámetro mby any o anybody's standards — se mire por donde se mire or desde cualquier punto de vista
b) standards pl ( moral principles) principios mpl3) (flag, emblem) estandarte m
II
1) ( normal) < size> estándar adj inv, normal; < model> ( Auto) estándar adj inv, de serie; < procedure> habitual; < reaction> típico, normalit's standard (practice) to ask for security — pedir garantías es la norma, se acostumbra or se suele pedir garantías
2) ( officially established) <weight/measure> estándar adj inv, oficialstandard time — hora f oficial
3)a) <work/reference> clásicob) <English/French/pronunciation> estándar adj inv -
8 rise
I [raɪz] nподъём, повышение, возвышение- rise in the road- quick rise in the living standard
- rise in prices
- get a rise in one's salary II [raɪz] v(rose, risen)1) восходить, вставать, подниматься- rise to one's feet- sun rises
- moon has not risen yet
- plane rose into the air
- curtain rose
- smoke was rising2) возвышаться, повышаться, усиливаться, растиHis temperature rose. — У него повысилась температура.
- building rises above smth- smb's voice rises
- prices rise
- wind is rising
- water in the river rises3) восставать -
9 temperature-rise inside assembly
увеличение температуры внутри НКУ
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Temperature-rise inside assemblies
An excessive temperature-rise inside assemblies represents one of the main problems which are often subject for discussion and to which users pay the most attention.
It is evident that an anomalous heating inside switchgear can jeopardize the safety of people (possible fires) and plants (malfunctioning of the apparatus).
For this reason, the Standard IEC 60439-1 gives a lot of space to the permissible temperature-rise limits in an assembly and to the methods to determine such limits either directly as type test or by analytic extrapolation.
The term type test defines the tests intended to assess the validity of a project according to the expected performances.
Such tests are usually carried out on one or more prototypes and the results of these type tests are assumed to obey to deterministic laws.
Therefore these results can be extended to all the production, provided that it complies with the design of the tested samples.
The type tests prescribed by the Standard IEC 60439-1 include:
• verification of temperature-rise limits
• verification of the dielectric properties
• verification of the short-circuit withstand strength of the main circuits
• verification of the short-circuit withstand strength of the protective circuit
• verification of the effective connection between the exposed conductive parts and the protective circuit
• verification of clearances and creepage distances
• verification of mechanical operation
• verification of the degree of protection
As said above the verification of temperature-rise limits is one of the most critical aspect for an assembly;
the Standard states the temperature-rise limits referred to an average ambient air temperature of ≤35°C which the switchgear complying with the Standard must not exceed (Table 1).
[ABB]Увеличение температуры внутри НКУ
Чрезмерное увеличение температуры внутри НКУ свидетельствует о наличии одной из основных проблем, часто являющихся предметом рассмотрения, и на которые потребители обращают наибольшее влияние.
Совершенно очевидно, что аномальный нагрев элементов внутри НКУ может создать опасность для людей (например, возникновение пожара) и для электроустановки (неправильная работа аппаратуры).
Поэтому стандарт МЭК 60439-1 уделяет большое внимание рассмотрению предельных значений температуры в НКУ и методам их определения, как путем проведения прямых испытаний, так и с помощью экстраполяции значений, полученных в результате испытаний.
Термин типовые испытания определяет испытания, целью которых является доказательство, что испытываемое устройство отвечает определенным техническим условиям.
Такие испытания обычно проводят на одном или нескольких типопредставителях, и считают, что полученные результаты являются детерминированными.
Поэтому их можно применить ко всем изделиям, конструкция которых соответствует испытанным образцам.
В перечень проверок и испытаний, проводимых на НКУ в соответствии со стандартом МЭК 60439-1, входят:
• проверка предельных значений превышения температуры;
• проверка диэлектрических свойств;
• проверка прочности при коротких замыканиях
• проверка прочности при коротких замыканиях цепи защитного заземления
• проверка прочности соединения открытых проводящих частей и цепи защитного заземления
• проверка воздушных зазоров и длин путей утечки;
• проверка механической работоспособности
• проверка степени защиты
Как сказано выше проверка предельных значений превышения температуры является одним из наиболее важных параметров НКУ.
Согласно стандарту превышение предельного значения температуры относительно средней температуры окружающего воздуха, равной 35° C, не должно превышать значений, указанных в таблице 1.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > temperature-rise inside assembly
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10 повышение уровня жизни
Русско-английский политический словарь > повышение уровня жизни
-
11 élévation
élévation [elevasjɔ̃]1. feminine noun2. compounds* * *elevasjɔ̃1) ( de niveau) rise (de in)2) ( promotion) elevation3) ( sur un plan) elevation4) Géographie5) Religion Elevation (of the Host)* * *elevasjɔ̃ nf1) (= action) [taux, niveau] raising2) (= augmentation) [niveau, température] rise3) [style] elevation4) MATHÉMATIQUE (à une puissance) raising* * *élévation nf1 ( augmentation) rise (de in); l'élévation du niveau de vie/du niveau des eaux the rise in the standard of living/in the water level;2 ( noblesse) l'élévation de leurs sentiments their fine feelings (pl); l'élévation de leurs idéaux their lofty ideals (pl);3 ( mouvement) l'élévation de l'âme the uplifting of the soul;4 ( promotion) elevation;6 Géog élévation de terrain rise in the ground;7 Danse elevation;8 Relig Elevation (of the Host).Élévation de la Croix Art Raising of the Cross.[elevasjɔ̃] nom féminin1. [augmentation] rise[plan] elevation4. [promotion] raisingl'élévation à la dignité de... being elevated to the rank of.élévation d'âme ou d'esprit high-mindedness7. RELIGION -
12 Erhöhung
Erhöhung f 1. FIN increase, rise; raise (wages); 2. GEN boost, increase, advance; 3. PERS (AE) raise, (BE) rise; 4. V&M increase, rise, advance (Preis)* * *f 1. < Finanz> increase, raise (wages), rise; 2. < Geschäft> boost, increase, advance; 3. < Person> raise (AE), rise (BE) ; 4. <V&M> Preis increase, rise, advance* * *Erhöhung
advance, increase, rise, levelling-up, (Gehälter) raise (US), rise (Br.), (Preise) enhancement, (Wert) improvement;
• pauschale Erhöhung flat increase;
• saisonbedingte Erhöhung seasonal increase;
• spürbare Erhöhung appreciable increase;
• stufenweise Erhöhung step-up;
• Erhöhung der industriellen Abschreibungsbeträge increase in depreciation allowances for industry;
• Erhöhung des Aktienkapitals stock capital increase;
• Erhöhung der Aktienkurse improvement in stocks;
• Erhöhung des Banknotenumlaufs increase of notes in circulation;
• Erhöhung des Diskontsatzes increase in the discount (bank, Br., rediscount, US) rate;
• Erhöhung des Einkommensteuerfreibetrages income-tax allowance increase;
• Erhöhung der Eisenbahntarife raising of railway (Br.) (railroad, US) rates;
• Erhöhung der durchschnittlichen Erdtemperatur increase in the globe’s average temperature;
• Erhöhung der Freibetragsgrenze (Einkommensteuer) personal exemption increase;
• Erhöhung der Fremdkapitalintensität high gearing;
• Erhöhung des Kapitals capital increase, increase in capital;
• Erhöhung der zurückgelegten Kilometer increase in mileage;
• Erhöhung des Kredits increase of credit;
• Erhöhung der Kreditvolumen increase in the amount of bank credit;
• Erhöhung der Landegebühren increase in landing fees;
• Erhöhung des Lebensstandards rise in the standard of living;
• Erhöhung der Löhne wage increase;
• Erhöhung der Mieten increase (raising) of rents;
• Erhöhung um 3500 Pfund L 3500 plus increase;
• Erhöhung der Portogebühren increase in (rise of, Br.) postal charges, postal increase;
• Erhöhung der Preise rise in prices;
• sprunghafte Erhöhung der Preise rapid enhancement of prices;
• Erhöhung um einen Punkt one-point rise;
• Erhöhung im Rang advancement;
• Erhöhung des Risikos increase of the risk;
• Erhöhung der Sondervergünstigungen fringe increase;
• zur Arbeitsbeschaffung vorgenommene Erhöhung der Staatsausgaben make-work increase in government spending;
• Erhöhung des Steueraufkommens revenue increase (raising);
• Erhöhung des Steuerfreibetrages exemption increase (US);
• Erhöhung der persönlichen Steuerfreibeträge raising personal allowances;
• Erhöhung der indirekten Steuern indirect tax increase;
• Erhöhung des Wertes increase (improvement in) value;
• Erhöhung des Zahlungsmittelumlaufs monetization of the debt (US);
• Erhöhung aufweisen to show an increase;
• mehrprozentige Erhöhung aufweisen to rise several points;
• Erhöhung der Staatsverschuldung auslösen (herbeiführen) to involve a great increase in the national debt;
• Erhöhung des Verteidigungsetats beantragen to ask for more money for defence (defense, US);
• Erhöhung im Kurs erfahren to experience a rise in prices. -
13 Hebung
f1. Handlung: lifting, raising2. des Geländes: elevation, rise3. fig. improvement; increase* * *die Hebung(Geologie) upheaval;(Steigerung) uplift* * *He|bung ['heːbʊŋ]f -, -en1) (von Schatz, Wrack etc) recovery, raising3) no pl fig = Verbesserung) improvement; (von Effekt, Selbstbewusstsein) heightening; (von Lebensstandard, Niveau) riseseine Fröhlichkeit trug zur Hébung der gedrückten Stimmung bei — his cheerfulness helped to relieve the subdued mood
* * *He·bung<-, -en>f3. (Verbesserung) improvementeine \Hebung des Lebensstandards a rise in the standard of living* * *die; Hebung, Hebungen1)bei der Hebung des Schatzes... — when the treasure is/was dug up...
2) o. Pl. (Verbesserung) raising; improvementzur Hebung des Selbstvertrauens/der Moral — to improve somebody's self-confidence/morale
3) (Geol.) uplift4) (Verslehre) stressed syllable* * *Hebung f2. des Geländes: elevation, rise3. fig improvement; increase* * *die; Hebung, Hebungen1)bei der Hebung des Schatzes... — when the treasure is/was dug up...
2) o. Pl. (Verbesserung) raising; improvementzur Hebung des Selbstvertrauens/der Moral — to improve somebody's self-confidence/morale
3) (Geol.) uplift4) (Verslehre) stressed syllable -
14 подъём
1) (рост, развитие) upswing, upsurge, rise, development, expansion, upgrade, upturnреволюционный подъём — revolutionary rise / enthusiasm
экономический подъём — business expansion, economic(al) upturn / takeoff
подъём национально-освободительного движения — upsurge / upswing of the national-liberation movement
подъём, обусловленный военной экономикой — wartime expansion
подъём промышленности — expansion / upswing of industry
2) (воодушевление) animation, enthusiasm -
15 miglioramento
"improvement;Verbesserung;melhoramento"* * *m improvement* * *miglioramento s.m. improvement: miglioramento delle condizioni di lavoro, improvement in working conditions; miglioramento del tenore di vita, rise in the standard of living; la situazione politica non mostra segno di miglioramento, the political situation doesn't show any sign of improvement (o of getting better); le condizioni del malato sono in via di miglioramento, the condition of the patient is improving; un piccolo miglioramento c'è stato, speriamo si riprenda, there has been a slight improvement, let's hope he will recover; la casa ha proprio bisogno di qualche miglioramento, the house really needs some improvement; bisogna apportare dei miglioramenti all'interno dell'organizzazione, improvements have to be made within the organization // (econ.): miglioramento salariale, increase (o rise) in wages; miglioramento dell'economia, economic recovery; miglioramento tecnologico, technological progress; miglioramento fondiario, land improvement; tendenza al miglioramento, upward trend.* * *[miʎʎora'mento]sostantivo maschile improvementapportare -i a — to make improvements to [ casa]
* * *miglioramento/miλλora'mento/sostantivo m.improvement; apportare -i a to make improvements to [ casa]; è in via di miglioramento he's improving. -
16 Verbesserung
Verbesserung f 1. BANK advance; 2. COMP enhancement; 3. GEN enhancement, improvement; 4. GRUND betterment (Melioration); 5. PAT correction; 6. RW advance* * *f 1. < Bank> advance; 2. < Comp> enhancement; 3. < Geschäft> enhancement, improvement; 4. < Grund> Melioration betterment; 5. < Patent> correction; 6. < Rechnung> advance* * *Verbesserung
progress, advance, improvement, (Berichtigung) correction, rectification, (Boden) [a]melioration,improvement, betterment, (Buch) revisal, revision, (Gesetz) emendation, amendment;
• allerletzte Verbesserungen the very latest improvements;
• bauliche Verbesserungen structural improvements, improvement of building (US);
• durchgreifende Verbesserungen far-reaching improvements;
• entwicklungsbedingte Verbesserungen technological improvements;
• merkliche Verbesserung marked improvement;
• Treibstoff sparende Verbesserungen fuel-economy improvements;
• verfahrenstechnische Verbesserungen procedural improvements;
• werterhaltende Verbesserungen (Gebäude) necessary improvements;
• Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen improvement of working conditions;
• Verbesserung der Arbeitsmethoden improvement of working methods;
• Verbesserung der Beschäftigungslage improvement of the employment situation;
• Verbesserung der Einkommensverhältnisse income support;
• leichte Verbesserung der 2002er Ertragslage slight improvement on 2002 earnings;
• Verbesserung der Handelsbilanz amelioration of the trade balance;
• Verbesserung der Haushaltssalden improvement in fiscal balances;
• Verbesserungen der Ladeanlagen betterments of loading facilities;
• Verbesserung des Lebensstandards rise in the standard of living;
• Verbesserungen auf der ganzen Linie allround improvements;
• Verbesserung der Luftqualität improvement of air quality;
• Verbesserung eines Patents amendment of a patent;
• Verbesserung der Pensionsleistungen pension improvements;
• Verbesserung im Pfundkurs improvement in sterling exchange;
• Verbesserung der Produktqualität und -sicherheit improvement of product quality and safety;
• Verbesserung der Produktionstechnik improvement in technique;
• Verbesserungen nach dem Stand der Technik technological improvements;
• Verbesserung der Tarifsätze improvement in rates;
• Verbesserung eines Textes castigation (emendation) of a text;
• Verbesserung der Umweltbedingungen environmental enhancing;
• Verbesserung der Verkehrs- und Wohnungsbedingungen transportation and housing improvement;
• Verbesserung des Verwaltungsapparates civil service reform;
• Verbesserung der Zahlungsbilanz improvement in the balance of payments;
• Verbesserung erfahren (Kurs) to show improvement, to experience an advance. -
17 повышение уровня жизни
1) Economy: raising of living standards2) Politics: rise in the standard of living3) Business: improvement of the quality of lifeУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > повышение уровня жизни
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18 Erhöhung des Lebensstandards
Erhöhung des Lebensstandards
rise in the standard of livingBusiness german-english dictionary > Erhöhung des Lebensstandards
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19 Verbesserung des Lebensstandards
Verbesserung des Lebensstandards
rise in the standard of livingBusiness german-english dictionary > Verbesserung des Lebensstandards
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20 неуклонный
steadfast, unflinching; ( непрерывный) steadyнеуклонная политика — undeviating / unswerving policy
неуклонная решимость — fixed / rigid determination
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